What?
His PLACE, is back in Europe someplace. Fuck is this even a discussion. Shakespeare and countless Whites ONLY HAVE GLOBAL INFLUENCE BECAUSE OF WHITE COLONIZATION AND CONQUEST! PERIOD! Fuck Shakespeare. FUCK HIM! And Hernan Cortes, FUCK YOU TOO, DIRT-BAG WHITEMAN FROM SPAIN! This is what I mean, this guy SHIT'S ON ALL WHITE SPANISH! With the shit HE DID! The world looks the way it looks because of Whites like this where now Non-White Races EVERYWHERE WANT AND NEED NUCLEAR WEAPONS!
To keep WHITES from telling them what to do and how to do it! Shit is CRAZY! Then empty apology time. Nobody wants more MUSTY-BREATHED USELESS APOLOGIES FROM WHITES! WHERE IS THE MONEY AT BITCHES THAT YOU OWE FOR THE DAMAGES YOUR SCUM-BAG EXPLORERS AND CONQUERS AND ENSLAVERS DID! KEEP YOUR FUCKIN FAKE APOLOGIES TO YOUR FUCKIN SELVES!
But Whites already know, they can't afford to pay reparations. They've exterminated entire races of people and completely mutated their customs, culture and natural progression, FOR BETTER OR WORSE! Here is the DIRT-BAG OVERHYPED CONQUISTADOR OF NOTHING BUT TREACHERY!
Hernan "Starscream Don" Cortes! AND BE MINDFUL THAT BOTH ARTICLES CONTRADICT ONE ANOTHER;
Conquest of Mexico (1518–1520)
In 1518, Velázquez put Cortés in command of an expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico for colonization. At the last minute, due to the old argument between the two, Velázquez changed his mind and revoked Cortés's charter. He ignored the orders and, an act of open mutiny, went anyway in February 1519. He stopped in Trinidad, Cuba, to hire more soldiers and obtain more horses. Accompanied by about 11 ships, 500 men, 13 horses, and a small number of cannon, Cortés landed on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mayan territory.[9] There he encountered Geronimo de Aguilar, a Spanish Franciscanpriest who had survived a shipwreck followed by a period in captivity with the Maya, before escaping.[9] Aguilar had learned the Chontal Maya language and was able to translate for Cortés.[10]
In March 1519, Cortés formally claimed the land for the Spanish crown. Then he proceeded to Tabasco, where he met with resistance and won a battleagainst the natives. He received twenty young indigenous women from the vanquished natives, and he converted them all to Christianity.[10]
Among these women was La Malinche, his future mistress and mother of his son Martín. Malinche knew both the Nahuatl language and the Chontal Maya, thus enabling Cortés to communicate with the Aztecs through Aguilar.[11]:82,86–87 At San Juan de Ulúa on Easter Sunday 1519, Cortés met with Moctezuma II's Aztec Empire governor's Tendile and Pitalpitoque.[11]:89
In July 1519, his men took over Veracruz. By this act, Cortés dismissed the authority of the Governor of Cuba to place himself directly under the orders ofKing Charles.[9] In order to eliminate any ideas of retreat, Cortés scuttled his ships.[12]
March on Tenochtitlan
In Veracruz, he met some of the tributaries of the Aztecs and asked them to arrange a meeting with Moctezuma II, the tlatoani (ruler) of the Aztec Empire.[12] Moctezuma repeatedly turned down the meeting, but Cortés was determined. Leaving a hundred men in Veracruz, Cortés marched on Tenochtitlan in mid-August 1519, along with 600 soldiers, 15 horsemen, 15 cannons, and hundreds of indigenous carriers and warriors.[9]
On the way to Tenochtitlan, Cortés made alliances with indigenous peoples such as the Totonacs of Cempoala and the Nahuas of Tlaxcala. The Otomis initially, and then the Tlaxcalans fought the Spanish a series of three battles from 2 Sept. to 5 Sept. 1519, and at one point Diaz remarked, "they surrounded us on every side". After Cortes continued to release prisoners with messages of peace, and realizing the Spanish were enemies of Montezuma, Xicotencatl the Elder, and Maxixcatzin, persuaded the Tlaxcalan warleader, Xicotencatl the Younger, that it would be better to ally with the newcomers than to kill them.[11]:143–155,171
In October 1519, Cortés and his men, accompanied by about 1,000 Tlaxcalteca,[11]:188 marched to Cholula, the second largest city in central Mexico. Cortés, either in a pre-meditated effort to instill fear upon the Aztecs waiting for him at Tenochtitlan or (as he later claimed, when he was being investigated) wishing to make an example when he feared native treachery, massacred thousands of unarmed members of the nobility gathered at the central plaza, then partially burned the city.[11]:199–200
By the time he arrived in Tenochtitlan the Spaniards had a large army. On November 8, 1519, they were peacefully received by Moctezuma II.[13] Moctezuma deliberately let Cortés enter the Aztec capital, the island city ofTenochtitlan, hoping to get to know their weaknesses better and to crush them later.[9]
Moctezuma gave lavish gifts of gold to the Spaniards which, rather than placating them, excited their ambitions for plunder. In his letters to King Charles, Cortés claimed to have learned at this point that he was considered by the Aztecs to be either an emissary of the feathered serpent god Quetzalcoatl or Quetzalcoatl himself – a belief which has been contested by a few modern historians.[14] But quickly Cortés learned that several Spaniards on the coast had been killed by Aztecs while supporting the Totonacs, and decided to take Moctezuma as a hostage in his own palace, indirectly ruling Tenochtitlan through him.[15]
Meanwhile, Velázquez sent another expedition, led by Pánfilo de Narváez, to oppose Cortés, arriving in Mexico in April 1520 with 1,100 men.[9] Cortés left 200 men in Tenochtitlan and took the rest to confront Narváez. He overcame Narváez, despite his numerical inferiority, and convinced the rest of Narváez's men to join him.[9] In Mexico, one of Cortés's lieutenants Pedro de Alvarado, committed the massacre in the Great Temple, triggering a local rebellion.[16]
Cortés speedily returned to Tenochtitlán. On July 1, 1520 Moctezuma was killed (the Spaniards claimed he was stoned to death by his own people; other claim he was murdered by the Spanish once they realized his inability to placate the locals). Faced with a hostile population, Cortés decided to flee for Tlaxcala. During the Noche Triste (June 30 – July 1, 1520), the Spaniards managed a narrow escape from Tenochtitlan across the Tlacopan causeway, while their backguard was being massacred. Much of the treasure looted by Cortés was lost (as well as his artillery) during this panicked escape from Tenochtitlán.[9]
Destruction of Tenochtitlan
After a battle in Otumba, they managed to reach Tlaxcala, having lost 870 men.[9] With the assistance of their allies, Cortés's men finally prevailed with reinforcements arriving from Cuba. Cortés began a policy of attrition towards Tenochtitlan, cutting off supplies and subduing the Aztecs' allied cities. The siege of Tenochtitlán ended with Spanish victory and the destruction of the city.[17]
In January 1521, Cortés countered a conspiracy against him, headed by Antonio de Villafana, who was hanged for the offense.[9] Finally, with the capture of Cuauhtémoc, the tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán, on August 13, 1521, the Aztec Empire disappeared, and Cortés was able to claim it for Spain, thus renaming the city Mexico City. From 1521 to 1524, Cortés personally governed Mexico.[9]
However!? This SHORTER ARTICLE is more in line with what I learned in high school, BUT THEY STILL HAD THE BULLSHIT WHITE MYTHS OF IGNORANT SAVAGES WHO BELIEVED THAT WHITES WERE THEIR GODS RETURNED OR SOME BULLSHIT LIKE THAT! And for the RECORD MOST ANCIENT BLACK CIVILIZATIONS SAW WHITE ANYTHING AS AN ILL-OMEN, AS WELL AS EVIL! Lying ass PIECES OF SHIT!;
The Aztec Empire and Cocoa
Aztec Man
The Aztecs were an ancient nomadic people who founded a great city in the Valley of Mexico in 1325 - Tenochtitlan. The rich prosperous city and its culture were destroyed by the Spanish in 1521, and was later rebuilt by the Spanish conquerors and renamed Mexico City.
'Chocolatl' was consumed in large quantities by the Aztecs as a luxury drink. The Aztec version of this much-prized drink was described as "finely ground, soft, foamy, reddish, bitter with chilli water, aromatic flowers, vanilla and wild bee honey."
Because of the dry climate, the Aztecs were unable to grow cocoa themselves, so they obtained supplies of cocoa beans from 'tribute' or trade. 'Tribute' was a form of taxation paid by provinces conquered by the Aztecs in wars.
By the time the Spanish invaded Mexico in the 16th century, the Aztecs had created a powerful empire: their armies were supreme in Mexico. Tributes in the form of food, cloth and luxury items such as cocoa beans flowed into Tenochtitlan.
The Aztecs were very superstitious; they had many gods and believed that their world was constantly threatened by catastrophe. Quetzalcōātl, the creator god and provider of agriculture, was associated with cocoa beans. According to an old Mexican Indian myth, Quetzalcōātl was forced to leave the country by a chief god, but he was lovingly remembered by his devoted worshippers who hoped that he would return. Until that time they still had his legacy - the cocoa tree.
When the Spanish conquistador Don Hernán Cortés arrived in 1517 with his fleet of galleons, the Aztecs thought that he was Quetzalcōātl returning. However they were soon to realise that he was a cruel conqueror.
Cocoa Introduced to Spain
In 1517 Don Cortes set sail from Cuba with 11 ships and 600 men, seeking fame and fortune in the "New World". Landing on the Mexican coast near Veracruz, he decided to make his way to Tenochtitlan to see for himself the famed riches of Emperor Montezuma and the Aztec Empire.
It was Montezuma who introduced Don Cortes to his favourite drink 'chocolatl,' served in a golden goblet. Montezuma is said to have consumed several goblets of 'chocolatl' before entering his harem, leading to the mythical belief that it had aphrodisiac properties.
In May 1520, the Spanish attacked a peaceful Aztec festival. Montezuma was killed but by July the Aztecs had forced the Spanish out of the city of Tenochtitlan. After regaining their strength, the Spanish and their allies held the city siege for 75 days and, when it fell, it marked the end of the Aztec civilisation.
Cortes was made Captain General and Governor of Mexico. When he returned to Spain in 1528, he loaded his galleons with cocoa beans and chocolate drink-making equipment.
Once Don Cortes had provided the Spanish with a supply of cocoa beans and the equipment to make the chocolate drink, a Spanish version of the recipe was devised. Monks in monasteries known for their pharmaceutical skills were chosen to process the beans and adjust the drink to Spanish tastes. Cinnamon, nutmeg and sugar were added, the chilli pepper was omitted and it was discovered that chocolate tasted even better served hot.
Soon 'chocolate' became a fashionable drink enjoyed by the rich in Spain. But cocoa beans were in short supply so the special chocolate drink recipe was a closely-guarded secret for nearly a century
Chocolate Spreads Across Europe
Drinking chocolate
English and Dutch sailors didn’t recognize the cocoa beans they found on the Spanish 'treasure' ships they captured as the Spanish returned from 'New World'. The precious beans were thrown overboard by the angry English and Dutch crews, reputed to have thought the beans were sheep droppings.
An Italian traveller, Francesco Carletti, was the first to break the Spanish monopoly. Having visited Central America, he had seen how the Indians prepared the cocoa beans and made the drink. By 1606 chocolate was well established in Italy.
The secret of chocolate was taken to France in 1615 when Anne, daughter of Phillip II of Spain married King Louis XIII of France. The French court adopted this new exotic drink with great fervour. It was considered to have medicinal benefits as well as being a nourishing food.
The supply of cocoa beans to the French market greatly improved after 1684 when France conquered Cuba and Haiti and set up their own cocoa plantations.
In the 17th century, the Dutch broke Spain's monopoly of cocoa when they captured Curacao. They brought cocoa beans from America to Holland, where cocoa was greatly acclaimed and recommended by doctors as a cure for almost every ailment, and also enabled the cocoa trade to spread.
Chocolate reached Germany around 1646, probably brought back by visitors to Italy. The secret of the aromatic chocolate flavoured drinks finally reached England from France in the 1650s
London Chocolate Houses
18th Century Chocolate House
When chocolate finally reached England in the 1650s, it was a drink reserved for the wealthy due to the high import duties on cocoa beans. It became very popular at the court of King Charles II.
Gradually it became more freely available. The first London Chocolate House was opened in 1657 by a Frenchman who produced the first advertisement for the chocolate drinks to be seen in London:
"In Bishopgate St, in Queen's Head Alley, at a Frenchman's house, is an excellent West Indian drink called Chocolate to be sold, where you may have it ready at any time and also unmade at reasonable rates."
Fashionable chocolate houses opened where the people could meet their friends to enjoy various rich chocolate drinks, many of which were rather bitter to taste.
The most famous was White's Chocolate House in the fashionable St James Street, opened in 1693 by Italian immigrant Frances White.
The chocolate drinks would have been made from blocks of solid cocoa, probably imported from Spain. The chocolate houses also sold a pressed cake from which the drink could be made at home. Around 1700, the English improved the drink by adding milk.
By the end of the 18th century, London's chocolate houses began to disappear, many of the more fashionable ones becoming smart gentlemen's clubs. White's Chocolate House remains an exclusive gentlemen's club.
England's First Cocoa Makers
Birmingham shop
As the demand for cocoa grew, cocoa plantation were established in the West Indies, Asia and Africa and the price of cocoa beans gradually began to fall as greater quantities came onto the market.
However, it was not until 1853 that significant reductions in import duties were made and with the Industrial Revolution making transport easier, chocolate became available to a large percentage of the population.
As more people could afford to drink chocolate, there was increased interest in its manufacture. Some of the earliest cocoa makers were apothecaries (early chemists) who became interested because of cocoa's supposed medicinal properties. They had the equipment to heat, measure and blend the ingredients as well as the necessary skills. Apothecaries founded by Fry's of Bristol and Terry's of York, later became two well-known names in chocolate production.
Other manufacturers became involved in cocoa making through the grocery trade. John Cadbury began by dealing in tea and coffee in his Birmingham shop, while Rowntree's of York was founded by branching out from the family grocery business.
The second article COMES FROM OFF OF FUCKIN CADBURY THE CHOCOLATE COMPANY! It's like, shit is bad enough. But Whites just seem to GET OFF ON MAKING A HORRIFICALLY BAD SITUATION WORSE! By then trying to COVER UP THE SHIT THEY DID, DONE AND/OR ARE STILL FUCKING DOING! BY LYING ABOUT WHAT ACTUALLY TRIGGERED ALL THIS MESS IN THE FIRST PLACE! And they CONTINUE TO HONOR SCUM-BAGS LIKE HERNAN "STARSCREAM DON" CORTES! Where, here is the thing!?
You wanna honor your dirt-bag ancestors who RAPED AND FUCKIN PILLAGED ACROSS THE WORLD, DO THAT! Just DON'T GET FUCKIN UPSET WHEN I CUT OFF YOUR ACCESS TO MY FUCKIN NATURAL RESOURCES THAT POWER ALL YOUR BULLSHIT TOXIC TECHNOLOGY!
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